![]() ![]() ![]() In general, infants born to PM-positive (PM+) mothers have a shorter time to first Pf infection, and first clinical episode of malaria, a higher incidence of Pf infections early in life, lower hemoglobin levels, and higher risk of dying compared to infants of PM-negative (PM−) mothers. In addition to eliciting adverse pregnancy outcomes, PM has been identified as a risk factor for early childhood morbidity and mortality. When pregnant women become infected with the mosquito-borne parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Pf), parasitized erythrocytes adhere to placental villi and accumulate in the intervillous spaces (IVS), causing a condition referred to as placental malaria (PM). Therefore, malaria in pregnancy preventive regimens, such as sulfadoxine-pyremethamine, that reduce but do not eliminate placental Pf in areas of drug resistance may increase the risk of malaria in infants. Collectively, low placental parasitemia was associated with increased susceptibility to malaria during infancy. ![]() The adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI) of having Pf infection was 3.9 (1.8–8.4) and 1.5 (0.7–3.4) for infants in the PM + Lo and PM + Hi groups, respectively. Only 24% of infants experienced clinical malaria episodes but these episodes occurred earlier in PM + Lo infants than in PM + Hi infants (p = 0.05). ![]()
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